Modern Filipinos all over the world are now searching for the real identity of their tribes and ancestral homeland. This is a phenomenon among Filipino Americans in the United States who are questioning their very own ancestry: are they Asian or Pacific Islanders. In the past, a lot of races are claiming Filipinos - are Filipinos Jewish, Asians, Pacific Islanders or Malays? Do they come from the people of ancient Ophir in one region of the country or are they the homegrown natives from different points of the country which Otley Beyer described as the "dawn men" who existed as early as 250,000 years ago, way ahead of the cro magnon man of Europe, not to mention the recent French archaeological discovery of a human life form existing in the Philippines 700,000 years ago. The search for the identity, ancestral homeland, ancestral bloodline and the ancestral lineage of their hereditary ancient rulers are now the present preoccupation of modern Filipinos whose country has become a melting pot of different races, whose religion Roman Catholic is western, whose surnames are western, whose native music Kundiman sounds like that of Italians, whose dialect and some practices are Jewish influenced like circumcision, etc; whose looks are mixtures of the east, the west, Latinos, Asians and Polynesians which made them win all major beauty contests in the world; who fought war with main world powers in their time and got their independence: from Spain, American and Japan; and who speaks English like their native tongue. Who are really these mysterious and caring people in a high middle class country somewhere in the Pacific? To really understand these people, there is a need to review their glorious past, the royal houses they have before the three major world powers attempted, but failed, to subjugate them. Some historians believe that the Hebrew ancient Lakanate of Lawan is actually the oldest kingdom of the Philippines which existed at around 1,800 BC. The timeline below will show the different royal houses and settlements together with their estimated era of existence. The reigning kings of these native Royal Houses were officially recognized by the Kingdom of Spain through the Laws of the Indies during the times of Philip ll and Charles ll and were officially designated as Principalias. The principalias are the first gobernadorcillos of different settlements all over the country whose name can be found today in their town or parish church histories, giving the possibility of reconstituting the ancient kingdoms through the living descendants of the gobernadorcillos. The principalía or noble class[1](p331) was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the pueblos of the Spanish Philippines, comprising the Gobernadorcillo, who was later referred to as Capitan Municipal (who had functions similar to a town mayor), Lieutenants of Justice, and the Cabezas de Barangay (heads of the barangays) who governed the districts, former Gobernadorcillos or Municipal Captains, and Municipal lieutenants in good standing during their term of office.[a][2]The distinction or status of being part of the principalía was originally a hereditary right.[b]
Timeline of the Pre - Hispanic Philippines
Based on the Principalia Theory of Austronesian Inter Migration, the Rhinoceros man, Dawn man and Callao man existed in the ancient Philippines (Ophir) as early as 709, 000; 250,000 and 65,000 years ago respectively.
1800 BC – Ancient Lawan Pacific Settlement (Ophir, the homeland of Asians, Polynesians and Austronesian peoples)
1000 BC - Igorot Society (CAR)
601 AD - Chiefdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak (Pampanga and Aparri
800 AD - Namayan (Mandaluyong, Sta. Ana Manila
900 AD - Tondo (Tondo, Manila)
971 AD - Huangdom of Ma-i
1176 AD - Kingdom of Tondo
1200 AD - Rajahnate of Cebu, Madjas-as Confederation, Dapitan, Butuan
1252 AD - Lupah Sug (Sulu)
1376 AD - Bruneian Empire
1408 AD - Caboloan Vassal State of Ming China (Pangasinan)
1430 AD - Sultanate of Sulu
1450 AD - Kingdom of Tondo reached its peak with the largest territory in the archipelago
1470 AD - Namayan became a vassal state of Tondo
1492 AD - Kingdom of Taytay (Palawan)
1499 AD - Brunei conquered Ma-i and Sulu
1500 AD - Brunei conquered Tondo's Manila territory and established the puppet Kingdom of Maynila
1501 AD - Maguindanao established
1502 AD - Brunei totally took-over Tondo which lost its territories up north of Luzon.
1521 AD - Magellan reaches the Philippines & is killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle of Mactan
1522 AD - Maranao established
1532 AD - Lanao established
1564 AD - Sultanate of Ternate established, Spain conquered Cebu
1567 AD - Datu Pagbuaya established
1573 AD - Spain conquered Madjas-As and Tondo
1577 AD - Spain conquered Caboloan
During the WWll, Philippine President Manuel L.Quezon, a native of the Pacific side of the Philippines within the influence of the ancient Lakanate of Lawan (Ophir), saved more than thousand Jews from Europe to be butchered by the Nazis by accepting them into the Philippines and settling them in his properties in Marikina Valley.
And the rest is history...
The Known Royal Houses of the Philippines
Some native Royal Houses are still subject to historical researches, but several of them have been identified and are actually existing even today in a non – formal way since royalty is not recognized in the Philippine constitution. Collectively, they are known in the Philippine society as the Principalia Class, the descendants of the royal houses and principalia families in the Philippines. There is an ongoing efforts of the Lakanate of Tondo, Wangdom of Ma - i, Madja-as Confederation, Sultanate of Sulu and Lakanate of Lawan to meet the heads of the well - known royal houses in the country to serve as the adviser of the Philippine President, conscience of the people and pursue patriotic endeavors as the revival of Baybayin alphabet, arnis, tinalak, kundiman, annual Lakan Bunao Dula birthday ball of the principalias ; support the Sumpa ni Lakan Dula presidential term evaluation and monitoring, and support to the efforts of the House of Kiram in claiming Sabah.
The Sultanate of Sulu and Sabah
The Sultanate of Sulu (Tausūg: Kasultanan sin Sūg, Jawi: کسلطانن سولو دار الإسلام, Malay: Kesultanan Sulu, Arabic: سلطنة سولك) was a Muslim state[note 1] that ruled the islands in the Sulu Archipelago, parts of Mindanao, certain portions of Palawan and north-eastern Borneo (present-day the certain parts of Sabah and North Kalimantan).
The sultanate was founded on 17 November 1405.[5][note 2] by a Johore-born explorer and religious scholar Sharif ul-Hashim. Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim became his full regnal name, Sharif-ul Hashim is his abbreviated name. He settled in Buansa, Sulu. After the marriage of Abu Bakr and a local dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli, he founded the sultanate. The Sultanate gained its independence from the Bruneian Empire in 1578.
At its peak, it stretched over the islands that bordered the western peninsula of Mindanao in the east to Palawan in the north. It also covers the area in northeastern side of Borneo, stretching from Marudu Bay,to Tepian Durian (in present-day Kalimantan).While another source stated the area stretching from Kimanis Bay which also overlaps with the boundaries of the Bruneian Sultanate.Due to the arrival of western powers such as the Spanish, British, Dutch, French, German and American, the Sultan thalassocracy and sovereign political powers were relinquished by 1915 through an agreement that was signed with the last colonialist, the United States.
Kingdom (Kaharian/Lakanate) of Tondo/Manila
Tondo, referred to also as ‘Tundo’, ‘Tundun’ and ‘Tundok’, was a fortified Philippine kingdom whose capital was located north of the Pasig River which flows into the Manila Bay on the archipelago’s largest island of Luzon.
It is one of the older settlements mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which dates back to 900 AD. Tondo was an ‘Indianized’ kingdom in the 10th century. It was based essentially on Hindu and Buddhist cultural and economic influences that permeated most of Southeast Asia at the time. Despite being culturally akin to Hindu cultures, kingdoms like Tondo were truly indigenous and independent of India but they nevertheless enthusiastically adopted elements of ‘raja-dharma’ (Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, codes and court practices) to legitimate their own rule and constructed cities.
Sulaiman I (Sulayman) is the Kingdom of Tondo/Maynila's second to the last indigenous ruler. Lakan Bunao Dula (Lakan Dula) is the last, as the state was absorbed into the Spanish Empire. His eldest son, Lakan Bunao Dula was crowned Lakan (King) when Sulaiman I was too sick to function as a monarch. Sulaiman I is the grandson of Abdul Bolkiah and the son of Sulaiman Bolkiah. Sulaiman I, however, did not use the surname Bolkiah but instead used the official title "Soliman Dula I" to mark the new lineage of Manila's aristocracy. The regnal surname "Dulay", (later spelled as "Dula") came from the native alibata direct translation of "Doylly", the surname of the royal blooded British wife of Rajah Sulaiman I named "Ysmeria Doylly", mother of Lakan Bunao Dula and Rajah Sulaiman II. In the ancient alibata alphabet, there is no letter Y so, the alibata translation of Doylly becomes Dulay, and much later became Dula, the current surname of Lakan Bunao Dula of the Kingdom of Manila (Casan Ali Jr).
From that viewpoint, Luzon and Tondo thus became a centre from which Chinese goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon traders carrying these goods were considered “Chinese” by the people they encountered (Bulwagan Foundation).
At present the Lakanate of Tondo is headed by the Patriarch of the Royal House of Dula, Prof. Sofronio Dulay, who is a management professor by profession. He is the Grand Patriarch of Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines, the council of the hereditary heads of ancient native royal houses of the country whose membership is only through invitation and presentation of historical genealogy, tarsila and credentials.
The House of Magat Salamat of the Lakanate of Tondo
The House of Capulong of the Lakanate of Tondo
Lakan Dula was the most prolific of Luzon's ancient rulers. His descendants are spread out all across the Kapampangan Region during the Spanish colonial era. He fathered at least seven children, namely, the eldest son Batang Dula; the brave Magat Salamat, the Datu of Tondo; the priest Martin Lakan Dula; the childless Don Dionisio Capulong, the Datu of Candaba; Don Phelipe Salonga, the Datu of Pulu; the pretty Maria Poloin, and the mysterious Luis Taclocmao. Batang Dula has three children: David, Daba and Dola. They were hidden in different places within sea routes and given vast tract of lands, farm workers, and armed followers. The plantation given to David was named Kandawid, the one given to Daba was now known as Kandaba and that of Dola is known as Kandola in San Luis Pampanga. Kan is an ancient Tagalog word for “owned”. The well-known descendants of Dola are the Macapagal of Lubao through a certain Lacandola. The descendants of Daba are the Capulong of Candaba and their relatives are the Gatbontons. The descendants of David Dula y Goiti are the Dulay of Candawid, Isla de Batang, Laoang, Northern Samar; and in Samara, Aringay in La Union. There are other descendants of Lakan Dula such as those who descended from his other children. It is still a historical mystery however why only the eldest son, and another child (Martin Lakan Dula) carried the regnal royal surname Dula. The rest adopted a different native sounding surnames (Carating, 2014, p.36). Dionisio Capulong was childless but he adopted Daba, the daughter of his eldest brother Batang Dula. When Daba married, she insisted that his children use the surname Capulong. One of her sons went back to Tondo and married a granddaughter of an Indonesian tribal king who was a visitor of the Lakanate of Tondo at that time, and the royal couple raised a family in a place what is now known as Sta. Ana, Manila. When the Spaniards came to settle Manila in 1571 Dionisio Capulong was a young boy. His father was one of the rulers in the region and all were scions of the Muslim royal family of Brunei. The father astutely complied—to a certain extent—with the colonising Spaniards. His son subsequently pursued an ambivalent career alternately working for and rebelling against the Spanish colonisers. Ultimately he became a landowner in the Spanish mode. This is his story. Even from only Spanish reports one can discern great astuteness and opportunism, which enabled the elite to keep local supremacy. Tracing the career of Dionisio Capulong sheds light on the elite in pre-Spanish Manila and environs as well as on Manila's earliest Spanish years.
The Kingdom of Palawan
Lakanate of Lawan
A civilization can be prosperous with the growth of the population its inhabitants, by birth or migration, and by the idealism of its people. Biological life from the ocean started to evolve in what Darwin described as a “pond of life”-- a complex interplay of ocean water, sea, bay, cove, big river, lagoon, luscious forest, stream, spring, beaches, islands, caves, mountain, hills, plateau – all are found in the homeland of the Polynesians called in its ancient name as Lawan. Today, Lawan is estimated to be in the area of Laoang – Catubig – Palapag of Samar, island towns in the Philippines in the Pacific. The natives described the place as “kabubuhian san ilo” (translation: even orphans can survive here). The area is marked today by an old lighthouse guiding big ships from the Pacific entering the Philippine archipelago to Manila. With the diggings of early human and ancient treasures surrounding Lawan in the Pacific coasts of the Philippine archipelago like the 65,000 year old Callao man, the Limestone tombs of Kamhantik in the Buenavista Protected Landscape in Quezon province, existence of chief Dumaraug of Albay, the Mactan of Lapu Lapu settlement, the ancient shipyard in Palapag, the treasures in Surigao, the balangays in Butuan and the ancient plates, martabana (burial jar) and jewelries in Sawang (part of modern Lawan now called Laoang), and with siday and kandu (local historical epic), legends (sigbin, Araw City), ancient relics, the fortified main settlement; the historical fact that the name of the island Samar came from Samaria which is the ancestral homeland of Datu Iberein of the Lakanate of Lawan and one of the evidences that the Philippines is indeed the Biblical Ophir; the Catubig being the old historical capital of whole Samar island, and historical accounts of the Spaniards -- some historians conclude that Lawan is indeed an ancient Philippine civilization in the pacific ocean (New York SNA).
The surname Iberein may have come from the term Ibriy. In the Strong's Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and Chaldee, IBRIY derives from a family name. It is a surname from the Hebrew word Eber, and designates an Eberite. The Hebrew word Eber translates as "a region beyond" which partly explains that Samar of the Philippines is a region beyond their ancient Samarian homeland of the Hebrew civilization. Eber is also the name of a descendant of Shem, and ancestor of Abraham. Genesis 10:21 mentions Eber. The natives of Lawan, even today, are adventurous people found in different parts of the world but wherever they are, they are always dreaming of their homeland that they even celebrate their ancestral homeland fiesta in Manila, in the US and in different parts of the world. The cohesiveness, culture, familial bonds, legends, folklore, the homey feeling, oral kandu, and the written siday (epic) of its people are like the centrifugal force that evolve into a civilization and attracts the adventurers and migrants all over the world. The wave of migrations into the Philippines in the direction of the Pacific Ocean postulated by historian Otley Beyer supports the existence of a prosperous ancient kingdom in the Pacific.
The Confederation of Madja – as
The Confederation of Madja-as was a pre-Hispanic Philippine state within the Visayas islands region, and a Srivijayan colony in the Philippine Archipelago, like the Sulu Archipelago. It was established by nine rebel datus or high officials connected with the court of Brunei, who were forced to leave that country on account of enmity of the Rajah at that time ruling the land. The datus, together with their wives and children, as well as few faithful servants and followers were secretly escorted out of the country by the Rajah's Chief Minister, whose name was Datu Puti. The local folklore says that the name of the Bornean Rajah was Makatunao.
They embarked on sailing rafts of the type used by the Visayans (the term used in the Malay settlements, of what is now Borneo and Philippines, to refer to Srivijayans) in Sumatra and Borneo. According to tradition, which survive in the local culture of Western Visayas, this seafaring vessel is called Balangay, from which Barangay - the smallest social unit in the present-day Philippines - came from.
The semi-democratic confederation reached its peak during the 15th century under the leadership of Datu Padojinog when it warred against the Chinese Empire, the Rajahnate of Butuan, and the sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao. It was also feared by the people of the Kingdom of Maynila and Tondo. It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel López de Legazpi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion. Among the archaeological proofs of the existence of this Hiligaynon nation are the artifacts found in pre-Hispanic tombs from many parts of the island, which are now in display at Iloilo Museum. There are also recent discoveries of burial artifacts of eight-foot inhabitants of Isla de Gigantes, including extra-large Lungon (wooden coffins) and pre-hispanic potteries. Another testimony of the antiquity of this civilization is the longest and oldest epic in the region, the Hinilawod. Some historians believe that the Madja-as Confederation did not exist at all and was just a story carried by a certain community newspaper. But there are really principalia families in almost all parts of the country. They are the last native datus that are coopted by the Spaniards to help them pacify the place by appointing them gobernadorcillos. Therefore, only the lineage of the first gobernadorcillo of a place are the present principalia. The official hereditary heir of the first gobernadorcillo will be his eldest son which also carry the surname of principalia up to the present. The rest will just be pretenders. From the writings of Book of Maragtas however, the Madja-as Confederation was mentioned. Datu Sumakwel and his people crossed over the Madja-as mountain range into Hamtik and established their village at Malandong. Datu Puti left the others for explorations northwards after ensuring his people's safety. He designated Datu Sumakwel, being the eldest, as the commander-in-chief of Panay before he left. By 1213, Datu Sumakwel invoked a council of datus to plan for common defense and a system of government. Six articles were adopted and promulgated, which came to be known as Articles of Confederation of Madja-as. The confederation created the three sakups (Sovereign territories) as the main political divisions, and they defined the system of government, plus establishing rights of individuals while providing for a justice system. Today the descendants of Datu Sumakwel are alive and organized. Their leader, together with a prominent member of the Gatbonton Principalia family of Pampanga JJ Macam once visited the House of Dulay Mendoza of the Lakanate of Tondo in Marikina Valley. They had dinner together and discussed plans to gather the representatives of royal houses and prominent principalia families to be the collective conscience of the Philippine presidencies. The hereditary heir of Datu Sumakwel, the the King of the Madja-as Confederation, used the Spanish surname Tolosa where the remains of Datu Sumakwel was believed to be buried in the Tolosa ancestral land in Tigbauan, Iloilo.
At present, the House of Sumakwel is headed by the Dayang of the Royal House of Sumakwel of the Madja-as Confederation, Dayang Corazon Siya who is a Ramon Magsaysay Award nominee. He is a member of Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines, the council of the hereditary heads of ancient native royal houses of the country whose membership is only through invitation and presentation of historical genealogy, tarsila and credentials.
The Royal House of Lapulapu of the Rajahnate of Mactan
Besides being a rival of Rajah Humabon of neighbouring Indianized Cebu, very little is known about the life of Lapulapu. The only existing documents about his life are those written by Antonio Pigafetta, and according to historian Resil B. Mojares, he was never seen in person by any European who left a historical record.[11] His name, origins, religion, and fate are still a matter of controversy.There had been many folk accounts surrounding Lapulapu’s origin. One oral tradition is that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by datu named Mangal and later succeeded by his son named Lapulapu.[16]
Another is from oral chronicles from the reign of the last king of Cebu, Rajah Tupas (d. 1565). This was compiled and written in Baybayin in the book Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik ("Glide on, Odes to Our History") in 1952 by Jovito Abellana. The chronicle records the founding of the Rajahnate of Cebu by a certain Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya), who was a prince from the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, respectively. The islands they were in were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally "[the islands] of the lady"). Sri Lumay was known for his strict policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo ("conflagration").[9]
Recently, a well - documented research by Dr. Rolando Borrinaga unveiled that Lapulapu is a native of the Biliran Island, suggesting that he belongs to the Lequios (Waray hadlok) tribe and is influenced by the Lakanate of Lawan. This finally explained the mystery of a long running conflict between Rajah Humabon of Sugbu and Lapulapu of Mactan.
At present, the Royal House of Lapulapu of the Rajahnate of Mactan is headed by his descendant Rajah Julian Canonoy, an educator with a doctorate degree. He is a member of Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines, the council of the hereditary heads of ancient native royal houses of the country whose membership is only through invitation and presentation of historical genealogy, tarsila and credentials.
The Rajahnate of Butuan
The Rajahnate of Butuan (also called as Kingdom of Butuan; Butuanon: Gingharian hong Butuan, Cebuano: Gingharian sa Butuan, Filipino: Kaharian ng Butuan/Karahanan ng Butuan, Chinese: 蒲端國, Púduānguó in Chinese records) was an Indic polity centered on present Mindanao island in the modern city of Butuan in what is now the southern Philippines. It was known for its mining of gold, its gold products and its extensive trade network across the Nusantara area. The kingdom had trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Persia, Cambodia and areas now comprised in Thailand.
The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad river (old Agusan River) have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result, Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the pre-colonial era.
Spanish chroniclers, when they stepped foot on Butuan, remarked that gold was so abundant that even houses were decorated with gold; "Pieces of gold, the size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king who came to our ships. All the dishes of that king are of gold and also some portion of his house as we were told by that king himself...He had a covering of silk on his head, and wore two large golden earrings fastened in his ears...At his side hung a dagger, the haft of which was somewhat long and all of gold, and its scabbard of carved wood. He had three spots of gold on every tooth, and his teeth appeared as if bound with gold." As written by Antonio Pigafetta on Rajah Siagu of Butuan during Magellan's voyage.
Butuan was so rich in treasures that a museum curator, Florina H. Capistrano-Baker, stated that it was even richer than the more well-known western maritime kingdom of Srivijaya; "The astonishing quantities and impressive quality of gold treasures recovered in Butuan suggest that its flourishing port settlement played an until recently little-recognized role in early Southeast Asian trade. Surprisingly, the amount of gold discovered in Butuan far exceeds that found in Sumatra, where the much better known flourishing kingdom of Srivijaya is said to have been located." (Wikepedia)
The Sovereign State of Ma-i
Mai or Maidh (spelled Ma'I, Mai, Mayi or Mayi; Baybayin: ᜋᜁ; Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má it) was an ancient sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines, notable in Philippine historiography for being the first place in the Philippines ever to be mentioned in any foreign account.
Its existence was first documented in 971 AD, in the Song Dynasty documents known as the History of Song, and it was also mentioned in the 10th century records of the Sultanate of Brunei. Based on these and other mentions until the early 14th century, contemporary scholars believe Ma-i was located in Bay, Laguna.
Go suggests that Ma-i, as Ba-e, became less important as the riverine settlements of Namayan, Tondo, and Maynila rose to power, but also noted that Ba-i still nonetheless served as the capital for the province of Laguna de Bay, which would later be split into the provinces of Laguna and Morong (modern day Rizal Province, including coastal towns now administered by the National Capital Region).
An earlier theory, put forward in 1914 by Craig 1914 and asserted by local historians, also suggested Malolos, Bulacan as a potential site of Ma-i.
The Sultanate of Maguindanao
The Sultanate of Maguindanao (Maguindanaon: Kasultanan nu Magindanaw; Jawi: كسولتانن ماڬوايندنااو; Iranun: Kesultanan a Magindanao; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Maguindanao; Arabic: سلطنة ماجوينداناو) was a Sultanate state that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao province and Davao City. Its known historical influence stretches from the peninsula of Zamboanga to the bay of Sarangani. At its peak, the sultanate covered the entire island of Mindanao, and ruled over the smaller neighboring islands near and around Mindanao. During the era of European colonization, the Sultanate maintained friendly relations with British and Dutch traders.
During the indigenous era, there were two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway, who lived peacefully in Mindanao, specifically the Cotabato valley. When Shariff Kabungsuwan preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to the beliefs of their elders. The brothers parted ways afterwards; Tabunaway to the lowlands and Mamalu to the mountains, but they vowed to honor their kinship, and thus an unwritten pact of peace between Muslims and indigenous peoples was forged through the two brothers.
As of May 2018, there are three major royal families in Maguindanao. Each having an enthroned sultan under the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Kingdom of Rajah Buayan, and Domain of Alah Valley.(Maguindanao.Wikipedia)
The Luyag na Caboloan
Caboloan (also spelled Kaboloan; Pangasinan: Luyag na Caboloan), referred to Chinese records as Feng-chia-hsi-lan (Chinese: 馮嘉施蘭; pinyin: Féngjiāshīlán), was a sovereign pre-colonial Philippine polity located in the fertile Agno River basin and delta, with Binalatongan as the capital. It expanded its territory and influence from Pangasinan, to what are now the neighboring provinces of Tarlac, La Union, Benguet, Zambales, Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya, and had full independence until the Spanish conquest. It traded with the Kingdom of Ryukyu, Ashikaga shogunate and for trading with and sending gifts to Ming dynasty. The polity of Pangasinan sent emissaries to China in 1406–1411.
The Chinese records of this kingdom began when King (Chinese: 王, pinyin: Wáng, Wade–Giles: Huang), Kamayin, sent an envoy bringing gifts to the Chinese Emperor.
Around the same period, the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires rose in Indonesia and Malaysia, and extended their influence over much of Southeast Asia. Urduja, a mythical warrior princess, is believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th century.
In the 16th century, the port settlement of Agoo in Pangasinan was called the "Port of Japan" by the Spanish. The locals wore apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners, which were likened to that of animals. They used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese-style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area. In exchange for these goods, traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves, but also for deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China, they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south, especially the Kapampangans.
Limahong, a Chinese corsair and warlord, briefly invaded the polity after his failure in the Battle of Manila (1574). He then set up an enclave of wokou (Japanese and Chinese pirates) in Pangasinan. Nevertheless, the Mexico-born Juan de Salcedo and his force of Tagalog, Visayan and Latino soldiers then assaulted and destroyed the pirate-kingdom, liberated the Pangasinan people and then incorporated their polity into the Spanish East Indies of the Spanish Empire.(Caboloan,Wikipedia)
The Kedatuan of Dapitan
The Kedatuan of Dapitan(Mislabeled as "Kingdom of Dapitan") was an ancient Philippine polity once based at Bohol at TagbilaranStrait. Bohol's first indigenous people settled in the Anda peninsula. These people came from northeast Mindanao. These people were responsible for the Anda petrographs which are one of the most important indigenous rock writing in the country.Around the 12th century, a group of people from Northern Mindanao settled in the strait between mainland Bohol and the island of Panglao. Those people came from a nation in northern Mindanao called Lutao (probably the animist kingdom of what will soon be the Islamic Lanao). Those people established the Kedatuan of Dapitan in western Bohol because the true indigenous people of Bohol in the Anda peninsula and nearby areas were not open to them, forcing them to establish settlement in the western part of the island. The kedatuan was first built with hardwood on the soft seabed. It engaged it trade with nearby areas and some Chinese merchants. The Jesuit Alcina tells tales about a rich nation he called the 'Venice of the Visayas', pointing to the Kedatuan of Dapitan at that time. The Jesuit also tells of a Dapitan princess named Bugbung Hamusanum, whose beauty caused her suitor, Datu Sumangga of Leyte, to raid parts of southern China to win her hand.
By 1563, before the full Spanish colonization agenda came to Bohol, the Kedatuan of Dapitan was at war with the Sultanate of Ternatein the Moluccas (who were also raiding the Rajahnate of Butuan). At the time, Dapitan was ruled by two brothers named Dalisan and Pagbuaya. The Ternateans at the time were allied to the Portuguese. Dapitan was destroyed and Datu Dalisan was killed in battle. His brother, Datu Pagbuaya, together with his people fled back to Mindanao and established a new Dapitan in the northern coast of the Zamboanga peninsula. The displaced people had to wage war against the Sultanate of Lanao as they settled territories that used to belong to that Sultanate. The new Dapitan was eventually incorporated by the Spanish. Pagbuaya's son, Manooc was among those who sided with the Spanish that had arrived from Mexico. He converted to Christianity and aided the Spaniards in the conquest of Islamic Manila and the Camarines area in Luzon. The people of Dapitan also assisted the Spanish in the conquest of Northern Mindanao. Eventually, the Dapitans took their vengeance against the Ternateans when Manooc's cousin, Laria, guided the Spanish in their invasion of the Moluccas (Dauis).
The Rajahnate of Cebu
The Rajahnate of Cebu (Cebuano: Gingharian sa Sugbu; Filipino: Kaharian ng Cebu; Malay: Kerajaan Cebu), or simply Sugbu, was an Indianized Raja (monarchical) Mandala (polity) on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. It was founded by Sri Lumay or Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces, but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.
According to Visayan folklore, Sri Lumay was a half-Tamil & half-Malay from Sumatra, who settled in the Visayas, and had several sons. One of his sons was Sri Alho, who ruled a land known as Sialo which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a polity known as Nahalin in the north, which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the Muslim Moro pirates known as magalos (literally "destroyers of peace") from Mindanao. The islands they were in were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally "[the islands] which belong to Daya")
Sri Lumay was noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro Muslim raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbu (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbu ("scorched earth").
Sri Lumay was succeeded by the youngest of his sons, Sri Bantug, who ruled from a region known as Singhapala, which is now Mabolo of Cebu City. He died of disease. Sri Bantug had a brother called Sri Parang who was originally slated to succeed Sri Bantug. But he was a cripple and could not govern his polity because of his infirmity. Parang handed his throne to Sri Bantug's son and his nephew, Sri Humabon (also spelled Sri Hamabar), who became the Rajah of Cebu in his stead.
During Rajah Humabon's reign, the region had since become an important trading center where agricultural products were bartered. From Japan, perfume and glass utensils were usually traded for native goods. Ivory products, leather, precious and semi-precious stones and śarkarā(sugar) mostly came from India traders and Burmese people traders. The harbors of Sugbu (the modern-day Parián district of Cebu) became known colloquially as sinibuayng hingpit ("the place for trading"), shortened to sibu or sibo ("to trade"), from which the modern Castilian name "Cebú" originates. It was also during Humabon's reign that Lapu-Lapu arrived from Borneo, and was granted by Humabon the region of Mandawili (now Mandaue), including the island known as Opong or Opon (later known as Mactan). First contact with the Spanish also occurred during Humabon's reign, resulting in the death of Ferdinand Magellan.(Rajahnate of Cebu)
At present the Rajahnate of Cebu is headed by the Patriarch of the Royal House of Tupas Humabon, Rajah Junbert Guigayuma who is a tribal lawyer and a pastor by profession. He is a member of Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines, the council of the hereditary heads of ancient native royal houses of the country whose membership is only through invitation and presentation of historical genealogy, tarsila and credentials.
The Principalia Families in the Philippines ; as well as the Prince and Princess of the Native Aristocracy
The Principalia Gatbonton Family of Pampanga
The Gatbonton Clan is one of the earliest clans in the Philippine history which was able to show their link with the pre Hispanic native nobility. Their research is comprehensive and often cited by Filipino historians. One of their clan members is Fernando Poe, Jr. who won the Philippine Presidency but was cheated by Gloria Arroyo, from the Lacandola Clan of Arayat Pampanga, who was jailed later on the charges of election offenses and plunder. The Gatbonton Clan kept a ancient secret genealogy of the native Filipino royalty, to wit:
This Gatbonton Clan Genealogy is somewhat triangulated with the genealogy coming from the descendants of Rajah Suleiman l and his wife Esmeria Doylly who started the Dula (Doylly/Dulay) royal lineage when they decided to crown Rajah Bunao Dula as Lakan Bunao Dula. Lakan means paramount ruler, or the supreme leader among all rajahs. This somewhat manifested the secret influence of the British Royalty on ancient Filipino nobility. That era was a struggle of the Spanish Empire against the British Empire. The crowning of Tondo - based Rajah Bunao Dula as the Lakan over his brothers Rajah Matanda and Rajah Suleiman lll gave birth to the consolidated Kingdom of Manila based in Intramuros. In western nomenclature, Lakan is equivalent to King. This also signaled the intense Spanish prosecution of the native aristocracy since the regnal name Dula (Doylly/Dulay) is close to the British Empire.
The Principalia Gatchalian Family of Bulacan
The Kingdom of Lakan Bunao Dula stretched from Tondo to Pampanga up to further North, and up to Bicol Region in the South. The chieftains come from the royal kinship; the title given for the Tagalog rulers was Gat e.g. Gat Chalian in Malolos. His other kins were MONMON, GATBONTON, GATMAITAN, MACARALAGA, GATMAITIM, MANDIC, GATDULA and DUMANDAN.The Gatdulasof today are not in the line of the ancient king Lakan Dula but surely of the Gatbontons as their father was Gat Timog.
Gat Chulian (also Gat Chalian/ Gat sa Li-Han or Lian or Liang) is the ruler of Li-Han, now we call Malolos in Bulacan, Philippines, and is one of the blood relatives of Lakan Bunao Dula, the king of Tondo. His descendants used his whole name composition (Gatchulian) as their family name with variations like Gatchalian and Gatsalian.
There are historical figures, heroes, government officials, philanthropists, celebrities, and any member of the clan using the family name Gatchalian or it's variants (e.g. Gatsalian) who excelled in the different fields of expertise or has given significant contribution to the society, among them is Senator Win Gatchalian, Mayor Rex Gatchalian and many others.
At present, the House of Gatchalian of the Lakanate of Tondo is headed by their descendant Patriarch Andrew Miranda, a businessman. He is a member of Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines, the council of the hereditary heads of ancient native royal houses of the country whose membership is only through invitation and presentation of historical genealogy, tarsila and credentials.
The Principalia Lopez Family of Iloilo
The Lopez family of Iloilo are a wealthy and influential dynasty of business owners, politicians, and philanthropists in the Philippines. They trace their origins to Basilio López, a trader of Chinese (Mestizo de sangley) origin who adopted the López surname and became gobernadorcillo, cabesa de barangay and district mayor of Jaro, Iloilo City, in 1849. Basilio married Sabina Jalandoni and they had sixteen children. Prominent members of the family include Fernando López, who served three terms as Vice President of the Philippines and, with his brother Alberto, founded the college which became the University of Iloilo. Most of the family's current business interests are represented in the Lopez Group of Companies, which includes the media conglomerate ABS-CBN Corporation, First Philippine Holdings Corporation, and Lopez Holdings Corporation. They are also into cultural and historical projects, being one of the donors of the CDM Foundation of the Lakanate of Tondo.
Basilio Lopez and Sabina Jalandoni had sixteen children: Eulalia, Clara, Eulogia, Eugenio, Gregoria, Estanislao, Marcelo, Claudio, Simon, Agrippina, Francisco, Cipriana, Agripino, Eusebio, Ysidora, and Maria, all surnamed Lopez y Jalandoni. Among their sixteen children were Eugenio and Marcelo. Eugenio Lopez y Jalandoni [1839 - 1906] married Marcela Villanueva y Felipe. Marcelo Lopez y Jalandoni [1843 – 1882] married Julita Villanueva y Felipe. Two Lopez brothers from Jaro married two Villanueva sisters [and heiresses] from Parian [Molo, Iloilo]. The Villanuevas were already rich when the Lopezes were emergent businessmen. The parents of Marcela and Julita were Eusebio Villanueva and Maria Felipe [of Malinao], whom they fondly called “Lala.” They had made a fortune in the shipping business (Ricky Dulay, 2019)
The Principalia Mendoza Clan of Marikina Valley
This distinguished upper class was exempted from tribute (tax) to the Spanish crown during the colonial period. Colonial documents would refer to them as "de privilegio y gratis", in contrast to those who pay tribute ("de pago").It was the true aristocracy and the true nobility of colonial Philippines, which could be roughly comparable to the patrician class of ancient Rome. The principales (members of the principalía) traced their origin from the pre‑colonial royal and noble class of Datu of the established kingdoms, rajahnates, confederacies, and principalities, as well as the lordships of the smaller ancient social units called barangays in Visayas, Luzon, and Mindanao.
The first gobernadorcillo of Marikina is Don Benito Mendoza. An adventurous son of a Sephardic Jew Spanish couple, young Benito left his brothers and sisters at the Lakanate of Lawan and tried his luck in Tondo. He was in love with a pretty daughter of high ranking maginoo family of the Kingdom of Tondo who decided to settle in Marikina Valley to escape the Spanish persecution of the native nobility. Benito is the oldest of nine siblings, and he inherited the headship of the native settlement in what is now called Jesus de la Pena in Marikina and was eventually appointed by the Kingdom of Spain as the first gobernadorcillo of Marikina Valley. According to the historian of the Mendoza Clan of Marikina UP Professor Jaime Mendoza Caro, the following members of the Mendoza principalia clan has served Marikina in the following capacities:
1. Don Benito Mendoza, Founding Gobernadorcillo 1787
2. Don Lucas Mendoza, Gobernadorcillo 1803
3. Don Mariano Mendoza, Alkalde 1843
4. Don Rufino Mendoza, Alkalde 1851
5. Don Isabelo Mendoza, Presidente 1910-1911
6. Eugenio Mendoza, Presidente, 1919-23
7. Osmundo De Guzmán (Mendoza), Mayor 1960-86
The Mendoza family is the traditional ruling principalia of Marikina but it has maintained a historical and strong ties with the rich citizens and ruling family of Kingdom of Tondo and Lakanate of Lawan. According to Antonio Mendoza y González, rich and noble families of Tondo, Lawan and Marikina have a long history of intermarriages. In Lawan, the daughter of Agripina Dulay married a sephardic Jewish Mendoza and one of their offsprings was Dr. Leocadio Mendoza who has a daughter that became a governor of Northern Samar. The Tioco family was a very rich and generous family from Old Tondo. They owned numerous fishing boats in Tondo and Malabon. Siblings Balbino Tioco and Romana Tioco were illustrious citizens and famous Tondo benefactors of the 19th century. Balbino’s son Maximiano was kidnapped in the late 19th century and ransomed for 3 “kaings” of gold. Maximiano was married to a spanish mestiza Marciana Félix (same Félix family as Joji Félix Velarde and Conchita Félix wife of Felipe Calderón of the Malolos Constitution). Maximiano married Teodorica Ylo (The Cabangis family are also descended from the Ylo’s) They bore 5 children, Nemesio, Salvador, “Beot”, Guadalupe (married to Don Eduardo Barretto), Consuelo (married to Dr Rufino Mendoza, son of Don Isabelo Mendoza de Villablanca, a direct descendant of the spaniard Don Benito Mendoza, first gobernadorcillo of Mariquina in 1787. Benito’s lineage Juana Mendoza Cerbito married Ceferino Dulay, a patriarch of the Rajah Lakandula/Dulay clan. Long after the family had left Old Tondo for the plush villages of Makati and other parts of Manila, there remains Calle Romana* in honor of Romana Tioco, and Calle Tioco* in honor of Balbino and Romana, two personages of the same family in gratitude for their inexhaustible generosity to Tondo (Daluyan).
The Principalia Macapagal Clan of Pampanga
The family claims noble descent from the legitimate grandchildren of Lakandula, the last "王" or King of Tondo "東都" (Dongdu). It is the only known branch of the Seludong's royal family to have survived the Majapahit Empire's invasion, the Sultanate of Brunei's pogrom against native royals, Chinese warlord Limahong's massacres, and the fallout from the Tondo Conspiracy. The family survived due to Martin de Goiti's giving of his Mestiza (Half Aztec and Half-Spanish) daughter in marriage to Batang Dula. As time went on, they incorporated the descendants from the two other royal houses: the house of Rajah Matanda (ऋअज ंअतन्द) and the house of Tariq Suleiman (سليمان).
Juan Macapagal started out as a corporal of a squad of native soldiers. He later rose to the rank of sargento capitan of the infantry. Fighting under Spanish captain Sebastian Castelu, Macapagal help pacify the northern frontiers of the province of Pampanga, which then extends all the way up north to Cagayan Valley. He was wounded during the suppression of the Chinese uprising in 1639 and in suppressing a minor Kapampangan uprising in 1641. He was given the title Maestre de Campo General of the natives Arayat, Candaba and Apalit for his aid in suppressing the Kapampangan Revolt of 1660. He was also one of the few natives of the Philippines to become an encomendero or a feudal lord under the Spanish crown. In order to gain his support suppressing the Ilocano Revolt of 1661, the Spanish crown awarded him an encomienda or a fief that once belonged to ex-Governor General Don Diego Fajardo y Chacon. The fief was worth 500 ducados of tributes of Negritos from the province of Zambales. After the collapse of the Ilocano Revolt and the execution of 133 of its leaders, Macapagal further received the honor of becoming the Maestre de Campo of the Kapampangan Regiment that guarded Fort Santiago. He further aided the Spanish crown in suppressing the Pangasinan Revolt of Don Andres Malong in the same year, and the Ilocano Revolt of 1661.
Juan Macapagal died in 1683. He is a direct ancestor of Philippine Revolutionary General, Lazaro Macapagal and two former Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal and his daughter, former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (World Public Library).
Pre-colonial Philippine royalty of the Postclassical Era and the early modern period
Royalty of Luzon |
Magayon | Lam-ang | Jayadewa | Kasumuran | Ganashakti | Bisruta | Namwaran | Angkatan | Bukah Urduja
|
Lakans, Datus and Rajahs of Tondo |
Jayadewa | Pangil |Timamanukum | Suko | Lontok–Kalangitan | Lakan Dula | Magat Salamat |Agustin de Legazpi |Batang Dula
|
Rajahs of Maynila
|
Ahmad | Lontok | Salalila | Ache "Matanda" | Rajah Sulayman
|
Lakans of Namayan
|
Tagkan | Palaba | Laboy | Kalamayin | Martin
|
Lakans, Datus and Rajahs of Lawan (Waray)
|
Datu Lakan Iberein | Datu Ete | Rajah Colambu | Sava | Dagami | Duma | Kahipus | Yumanaw | Sebaste | Benyamin | Gat Esteban Dulay | Petre |
Datus of the Madja-as (Ilongo)
|
Puti | Sumakwel | Bangkaya | Balengkaka | Kalantiaw | Manduyog | Padojinog | Kabnayag |Lubay |Paiburong
|
Datus and Rajahs of Cebu (Cebuano)
|
Daya | Sri Lumay | Alho | Ukob | Bantug | Parang | Humabon | Tupas | Katuna | Lapu-Lapu | Zula
|
Rajahs of Butuan
|
Kiling | Bata | Shaja | Siagu | Kolambu
|
Sultans of Maguindanao
|
Kabungsuwan | Maka-alang | Saripada | Bangkaya | Dimasangcay Adel | Gugu Sarikula | Laut Buisan | Kudarat
|
Sultans of Sulu
|
Sharif ul-Hāshim | Kamal ud-Din | Ala ud-Din | Amir ul-Umara | Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in | Nasir ud-Din I |Muhammad ul-Halim | Batarah Shah Tengah | Muwallil Wasit I | Nasir ud-Din II | Salah ud-Din | Ali Shah | Azim ud-Din I | Bantilan Muizz ud-Din | Azim ud-Din II
|
The Philippine Catholic Church Formally installed the Regents of the Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines in a conservative Catholic Rite in the Sto. Nino de Tondo, the ancient Palace of the Last King of Tondo, Lakan Bunao Dula
The Sto. Nino de Tondo Church is the ancient Palace of the Lakan Bunao Dula, the last King of Tondo before the Philippines was totally subjugated by the Kingdom of Spain. The Church in - house historian by the name Jr. Susi, who was also interviewed by broadcaster Maan Macapagal in a national TV, I - Witness, retold the history of the ancient palace and the Church during the Dine with the Ancestors Ritual of the Principalia Hereditary Council before the installation of the Grand Patriarch and his Council. Susi mentioned historian Nick Joaquin’s writings that with the death of Lakan Dula, the Kingdom can never be surrendered to the Kingdom of Spain but instead left to the care of the Sto. Nino de Tondo, a symbolism that the native Kingdom was never been captured and humiliated by any other Kingdom. Prior to that, Lakan Bunao Dula was baptized as Lakan Carlos Bunao Dula, in honor of the King of Spain.
After the Dine with the Ancestors Ritual, the former Parish Priest of EDSA Shrine Rev. Father Arnel Calata, Jr. and the principales proceeded to the mass and the three principales where given the front seat in the mass traditionally reserved for the Lay Minister of the Holy Eucharist. In the mass, Fr. Calata cited the history of the Sto. Nino de Tondo being the ancient Palace of Lakan Bunao Dula, and introduced to the devotees the three Lakan Dula descendants one by one, amidst clapping of hands from the mass attendees. Fr.Calata also mentioned that in that day’s special anniversary of Lakan Dula’s baptismal to the Catholic Faith,
The Royal Houses and principalia families in the Philippines Work in the Background Regardless of who is the temporal Elected Philippine president at the Moment
In keeping with the historical meaning of the title Lakan, the head of the Kingdom of Tondo, which is according to well – known British historian Henry Scott, means: “paramount ruler”, or the titular head of so many rulers --the secretive and very private historical head of the descendants of Lakan Dula of today was anointed as the Rajah by several indigenous leaders all over the country. Some people however addressed him as Lakan, some call him Patriarch, while a member of a royal family of Sarawak calls him the title of Awang or a Prince in English.
Because the Kaharian ng Tondo covers the regional capital of the Philippines, by natural geography and pure political and administrative rationale, it plays as the de facto center of the united royal houses of the Philippines. The de facto FB group of the cooperating royal houses is also the FB group of The Rajahnate of Metro Manila (Kaharian ng Tondo) with the browser address at https://www.facebook.com/groups/ceferinodulay/?epa=SEARCH_BOX.
In this Facebook Group, they discuss different projects or programs or moves which they are advocating, assisting or implementing such as: the “Sumpa ni Lakan Dula” and “Dine with the Ancestors Ritual” being championed and administered by Lakan Sofronio Dulay l, the Baybayin being championed by Rajah Jay Enage, the arnis being advocated by Arnis Grandmaster Bambit Dulay, the indigenous tribes nationwide being managed by Sultan Julian Canonoy and Sultan Miguel Moldero, the Sultanate of Sulu represented by Princess Jacel Kiram, the tinalak by the children of the late national artist Lang Dulay, the Lakanate of Lawan by former Northern Samar Governor Madeilene Mendoza Ong, Tribal Speaker Rjhay Laurea for the kalinangan of the Filipinos, Dr. Delmar Topinio Taclibon for patriotic interpretation of Philippine history, and JJ Macam of the Gatbonton Clan of Pampanga.
The Wangdom of Ma-I wrote a formal communication for an alliance with the Kaharian ng Tondo. Other may offer an alliance with the Lakanate of Tondo to participate with some ongoing patriotic advocacies such as baybayin, arnis, kundiman, tinalak, indigenous people, etc. and maybe even the Philippine claim of Sabah and even the changing of the Philippine name into Maharlika or Ophir.
References:
1. Sultanate of Sulu. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu on Janauary 2, 2019
2. Bulwagan Foundation. The Kingdom of Tondo. Retrieved from https://thebulwaganfoundation.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/the-kingdom-of-tondo/ on January 5, 2019.
3. Carating, R. R., Galanta, R.G., Bacatio, C.D.(2014). The Soils of the Philippines. New York City: Springer Science and Business
4. Casan Ali, Jr., Old Philippine History. Memories of Old Manila. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/groups/memoriesoldmanila/permalink/1304928452995338/?__xts__[0]=68.ARCSoa4V95ekD9AIzCniq7XSYtenFAq3R5QhCeCM4X4xIXXASpMyh_lRWaCrr9ndvnAHTYHedAa_cZf5aJJHMTMOcqM-gXzG7pMYN9xOK6-sKKI21DoHRXEY0Y83SPNapYo1CUmoPv8Hlot7wWohg4CllHeMrAFlCJYivw7x3QYNGUaE4Ydndfw9KlTHms41yHW_T9_0OIaJjZKqmMl6cngT3ESP8OTxTJAgqV3c5s6XA0xYrf5W_-tIDJuIUpBqnE2kknTArQLreHT-GYqigtYyU2HfsxRMSAAi-WlaYW6Wx6MeMPN0hgSZ8Oqv1odTDrP3je0OkjgIKzxQdggfXAi0fw&__tn__=H-R on January 6, 2019.
https://www.facebook.com/wangdomofmai/tn=kCHR&eid=ARBor4uu6LW0a08TDGyY6m4P1oY
Gshmoi8YkNnkRWbSDWNbLV2BoUKpNRZpQ0HbyaTj4AEVK24JIRp89&hc_ref=ARQDSV
3kebRwORrhG2kjZnVdpGKM0_1cOCTLOySHfjzgNIDtwxhfkW8cTzgnaIQvSjE&__xts__[0]=
68.ARDdvQlnuWT_izb7bUbKm9Zd6ItfIfwE1N6qjlLZbYRLgPvWv1eSCL9k0kgfVWNqrmu0n
E2Eqbj79G8e0ZVmih3tkW6gBN0LlMCUGsAwe6e5SUUJERjoQYCVJacUd6BVQSYDmJ2m
ceEHOUjtQUX4L2RySonvwzNQr_SKVmO43fKYslZlevZVRPYZQMi0UYITBAMrKP4EcJh
wVVHFBodnjjIMdfTx31q0S8Yej12plzzVl4cQawrwH5Fp2g6C3NMDsZY50HykhnJdIaxIofNq
esjuRRUuWWIBtpMNevexi4JKSLFA5slaPVm0vDA19eLqUYwbiZJi1UQi5XDUOJlDPiEMX
kpogime1wxcDaXyKLsq0a9xeJtUUddeJBx74cbtfxFaooLpz5C6DJ7O6qgpio2XMuTNfRt9BJCR
Kyxhb3NnrGue3PifHkux2vNz3QPKK3kjzRnLElsS3v27NIQOlAPNS7gr0V_BK0e79p2NGX4
s3qFQ on January 5, 2019.
7. New York SNA. PHILIPPINES 2018 Medical & Solidarity Mission. Retrieved from https://fahwany.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/philippine-medical-and-solidarity-mission-4-14-september-2018-1-1.pdf on January 5, 2019.
8. Confederation of Madja – as. Retrieved from http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Confederation_of_Madja-as on January, 2019
9. Rajahnate of Butuan. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan on February 10, 2019.
10. Sultanate of Maguindanao. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao on February 10, 2019
11. Caboloan. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caboloan on February 11, 2019
12. Dauis History Part 1. Retrieved from http://www.discoverbohol.com/Features/Dauis-History-Part-1.htm on February 14, 2019.
13. Rajahnate of Cebu. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu on February 14, 2019
14. Daluyan: A Historical Dictionary of the Streets of Manila, Printed by NHI.
15. World Public Library. http://newspaperslibrary.org/articles/eng/Don_Juan_Macapagal. Retrieved on December 9, 2017. Sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia™ licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
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